Leonardo Da Vinnci essays

Leonardo Da Vinnci papers Leonardo Da Vinci was conceived on April 14, 1452 in the town of Vinci close to Florence Italy. He saved the name of his town for his last name. He lived during the fifteenth century, a period when the individuals of Europe were getting intrigued by workmanship. This timeframe was known as the Renaissance time frame. Leonardo Da Vinci was extremely gifted. He was an extraordinary craftsman, yet he became celebrated on the grounds that he had the option to do such huge numbers of different things. He was a modeler, an artist, creator, stone carver, researcher, and mathematician. His aesthetic ability uncovered its self right off the bat in his life. At the point when he was around 15 years of age Leonardo's dad took him to Florence Italy, to prepare as a painter and artist in the studio of Andrea del Verroccho. He concentrated with this ace until the age of twenty five. Now, he set up his own business and was well known for being a painter and a man of science. As a researcher, he watched all that he could in nature. Leonardo utilized what he gained from nature and science to make his compositions look genuine. He drew and took numerous notes of what he watched. His notes were composed in reverse, likely in light of the fact that he didn't need individuals to find out about his revelations and perceptions. So as to peruse Leonardo's notes, one needs to hold them up to a mirror. In 1472 he entered a painters' organization. His soonest broad works go back to this time. In 1482 Da Vinci worked for Duke Lodovico Sforza in Milan for a long time. He satisfied the situation as court craftsman, yet additionally filled in as a designer and draftsman. While in Milan Leonardo grew more hypotheses about artistic creation. Leonardo accepted that information ought to be founded on perception. He accepted that perception prompted comprehension, and craftsmen had a commitment to record this comprehension by painting exact pictures. He made representations of everything around him. This made him make an ace arrangement, his arrangement was to record the structure of each working on the planet. He accepted... <!

Cell Phone Industry in the USA

With the end goal for us to relate well with this subject, it is imperative to recognize both the verifiable excursion and the importance of phones in our age. It is in fact perhaps the best advancement made and one that this ebb and flow age can't comprehend doing without.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Cell Phone Industry in the USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cell telephone industry is undoubtedly one of the most evolved area in the cutting edge world considering the way that, mobile phones are at present being used in practically all pieces of the world (King, 2002). Today, the gadget has discovered noteworthy use in the business area among different segments of life. Phone is a gadget that has kept on being a wellspring of interest for some, as extraordinary mechanical walks in changes, adjustments and improvement keep on being made on it and what we have as of now must be named as a wonder. Recorded and mechanical advanceme nt of the mobile phone goes back to the Second World War, when Reginald Fessenden concocted the radio communication to help correspondence inside the military camp. As indicated by Li (2010), new thoughts for sorting out and improving up and coming innovation are what is important most for any development. During the 1940s, enhancements were made to this innovation which saw the formation of hand held specialized gadgets. Up till the mid 1970’s, the concocted mobile phones must be introduced and utilized in vehicles however after that period, versatile PDAs that were not restricted to be utilized uniquely in the vehicles were designed however they had a decent amount of constraints. For example, they were large, massive and couldn't bolster various discussions. They expended a ton of influence and couldn't bolster nor permit programmed voice and information highlights, similar to the case with present day gadgets and just the rich could stand to get them. The historical backd rop of mobile phones is generally arranged into first, second, third, fourth, etc ages, in following and checking innovative improvement s and changes in the business. Likewise with some other innovation, the mobile phone industry has seen the ascent of assorted scope of items in the market which is getting very serious with each organization thinking of great promoting efforts to charm customers (Boland, 2007).Advertising Looking for inquire about paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These items, which are created by various organizations extend from mobile phones, iPhones, iPads, Blackberry, telephone batteries, memory cards, Bluetooth, recieving wires, telephone holders, faceplates, fix parts, telephone ties, LCD’s, information links, snap-on covers, calfskin cases, travel and vehicle chargers, hands liberates, holsters, silicone skins, pointer, vehicle packs and such. There is additio nally the rising worry of fakes and unsatisfactory phone items in the market. To address this, the Telecom Regulatory Authority in association with UAE Telecoms means to slice off administrations to copy and phony handsets from first January, 2012. As indicated by Klemens (2010), the mobile phone industry is quickly developing and consequently, making monstrous interest for this item. This has come about to a great deal of weight for the item makers and vendors, as they strive to re-design and change their items with the goal of intriguing their buyers and exceeding each other in the market. Since the mobile phone industry isn't an imposing business model market, numerous players have participated in the creation, dissemination and selling. Nonetheless, this requires gigantic speculations and along these lines once one is in it, it is difficult to change to different ventures for the dangers are higher and in light of the fact that then again, the interest for this item gives securi ty. References Boland, P. (2007). The rising job of mobile phone innovation in wandering consideration. The Journal of mobile consideration the board, 30 (2), 126. Lord, J.L. what's more, West, J. (2002). Mama Bell’s vagrant: US cell communication, 1947-1996. Telecommunications Policy, 26 (3-4), 189-203. Klemens, G. (2010). The phone: the history and innovation of the device thatâ changed the world. New York: McFarland Company.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Cell Phone Industry in the USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Li, Y.B. (2009). How the mobile phone turned into the most significant intelligent correspondence medium in today’s China. Innovation in Society, 31 (1), 53-55. This examination paper on Cell Phone Industry in the USA was composed and put together by client Kali Kirk to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Reasons to Do a Digital Detox

Reasons to Do a Digital Detox Happiness Print What Is a Digital Detox? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 30, 2019 Hero Images/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Reasons for a Detox What the Research Says How to Do It Modifications Tips View All Back To Top A digital detox refers to a period of time when a person refrains from using tech devices such as smartphones, televisions, computers, tablets, and social media sites. “Detoxing” from digital devices is often seen as a way to focus on real-life social interactions without distractions. By forgoing digital devices, at least temporarily, people can let go of the stress that stems from constant connectivity. Before you decide if it is right for you, consider some of the potential benefits and methods of doing a digital detox. Reasons for a Digital Detox For many people, being connected and immersed in the digital world is just a part of everyday life. According to research from the Nielsen Company, the average U.S. adult spends around 11 hours each day listening to, watching, reading, or interacting with media.   There are many reasons why you might want to give up your mobile phone and other devices for a brief time. You might want to enjoy time to yourself without the interference that your phone and other devices create. In other cases, you might feel like your device use has become excessive and is adding too much stress to your life.   In some situations, you might even feel like you are addicted to your devices. While technology addiction is not formally recognized as a disorder in the DSM-5, many experts believe that tech and device overuse represents a very real behavioral addiction that can lead to physical, psychological, and social problems. In a poll conducted by the organization Common Sense Media, 50% of teens reported that they felt that they were addicted to their mobile devices.  A whopping 78% of the teen respondents said that they check their digital devices hourly. What the Research Says Technology Can be Stressful While people often feel that they cant imagine life without their tech devices, research and surveys have found that technology use can also contribute to stress.   In the American Psychological Associations annual Stress in America survey, a fifth of U.S. adults (around 18%) cited technology use as a significant source of stress in their life. For many, it is the ever-present digital connection and constant need to keep checking emails, texts, and social media that accounted for the majority of this tech stress. One study conducted by researchers in Sweden found that heavy technology use among young adults was linked to sleeping problems, depressive symptoms, and increased stress levels. Digital Devices Can Disrupt Sleep Evidence also suggests that heavy device use, particularly prior to bedtime, can interfere with sleep quality and quantity. One study found that children who use digital devices at bedtime had significantly worse and less sleep. The study also found a connection between nighttime tech use and increased body mass index.   Researchers have also found that in-bed electronic social media use has adverse effects on sleep and mood. The study found that 70% of participants checked social media on their phones while in bed, with 15% spending an hour or more on social media while in bed. The results found that using social media when you are in bed at night increases the likelihood of anxiety, insomnia, and shorter sleep duration. How Your Smartphone Affects Your Brain Heavy Device Use May Be Linked to Mental Health Concerns A study published in the journal Child Development found that heavy daily technology use was associated with an increased risk for mental health problems among adolescents. More time spent using digital technologies was linked to increased symptoms of ADHD and conduct disorder, as well as worse self-regulation. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania recently published the first experimental research linking the use of social media sites such as Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram to decreased well-being.  The results revealed that limiting social media use decreased symptoms of depression and loneliness. Constant Connectivity Affects Work/Life Balance That feeling of always being connected can make it difficult to create boundaries between your home life and work life. Even when you are at home or on vacation, it can be hard to resist the temptation to check your email, respond to a text from a colleague, or check in on your social media accounts.   In a study published in the journal Applied Research in Quality of Life, researchers found that technology use played a role in determining an individuals work-life balance. The study suggested that the use of internet and mobile technologies influenced overall job satisfaction, job stress, and feelings of overwork. Doing a digital detox may help you establish a healthier, less stressful work-life balance. Social Comparison Makes It Hard to Be Content If you spend time on social media, you have probably found yourself comparing your own life to your friends, family, total strangers, and celebs. You might find yourself thinking that everyone else seems to be leading a fuller, richer, or more exciting life based on the tiny, curated glimpse you see on their Instagram or Facebook posts.   As the saying goes, comparison really can be the thief of joy. Detoxing from your social connections can be a good way to focus on what’s important in your own life without comparing yourself to others.   The Stress of Social Comparison Digital Connectivity Can Make You Feel Like You’re Missing Out Fear of missing out, known as FOMO, is the fear that you are missing the experiences that everyone else is having. Constant connectivity can feed this fear. Every time you see a curated image or post about someone else’s life, it can leave you feeling as if your life is less exciting than theirs. You might find yourself overcommitting to social events out of the fear that you’ll be left behind. FOMO can also keep you constantly checking your device out of fear that you are going to miss an important text, DM, or post.   Doing a digital detox is one way to set limits and reduce your fear of missing out. The key is to do it in a way that doesn’t leave you feeling cut off from what’s happening in your digital world. Signs You Might Need a Digital Detox You feel anxious or stressed out if you cant find your phoneYou feel compelled to check your phone every few minutesYou feel depressed, anxious, or angry after spending time on social mediaYou are preoccupied with the like, comment, or reshare counts on your social postsYou’re afraid that youll miss something if you dont keep checking your deviceYou often find yourself staying up late or getting up early to play on your phoneYou have trouble concentrating on one thing without having to check your phone Are You Addicted to Your Phone? How to Do a Digital Detox Some might suggest that a true digital detox would involve predefined abstinence from any and all digital devices and social media connections, but it is important to make your device usage work for your own life and demands.   Detaching from your devices can benefit your mental well-being, but doing a digital detox does not have to involve a complete separation from your phone and other tech connections. The process is often more about setting boundaries and making sure that you are using your devices in a way that benefit, rather than harm, your emotional and physical health. Be Realistic If you can do a complete digital detox for a certain amount of time, it might be something you want to try. Being completely disconnected can feel liberating and refreshing for some people. For a lot of people, completely forgoing all forms of digital communication might not be possible, particularly if you really do rely on staying connected for work, school, or other obligations.   This doesn’t mean that you can’t enjoy the benefits of a digital detox; the key is to make disconnecting something that works for your schedule and your life.   If you need your devices during the day for your job, try doing a mini-detox at the end of the workday. Pick a time when you want to turn off your devices, and then focus on spending an evening completely free of things like social media, texting, online videos, and other electronic distractions.   Set Limits While it isn’t always possible or even preferable to completely disconnect, setting limits on when these digital connections are allowed to intrude on your time can be good for your mental well-being.   For example, you might want to use your phone to play your Spotify or Apple Music playlist while you are working out, but setting it to airplane mode will make sure that you aren’t distracted by phone calls, texts, other messages, or app notifications during your workout.   Setting boundaries on the type and timing of connections you’ll attend to helps ensure that you can enjoy real-world activities completely free of digital diversions.   Other times when you might want to limit your digital device usage include: When you are eating meals, particularly when dining with other peopleWhen you are waking up or going to bedWhen you are working on a project or hobbyWhen you are spending time with friends or familyBefore you go to sleep each night Research suggests that limiting your social media use to approximately 30 minutes per day can significantly improve well-being, decreasing symptoms of loneliness and depression. Restricting your mobile device usage immediately before you go to sleep may also be helpful. One review of the research found that using media devices was linked to poor sleep quality, inadequate sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Skip laying in bed playing on your phone and instead try reading a book or magazine for a few minutes before you go to sleep. Remove Distractions Another way to start your digital detox is to turn off push notifications on your phone. Many social media apps including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, and news websites send alerts every single time you get a message, mention, or new post. Rather than checking certain apps or websites every time a new story or post hits, set aside a specific time each day when you’ll check your messages or mentions. Then set aside a certain amount of time, around 20 or 30 minutes, to devote to catching up and sending responses. You might find that its helpful to leave your phone behind for at least a brief time. Studies have found that the mere presence of a mobile device, even if you aren’t actively using it, lowers empathy levels and decreased conversation quality when interacting with other people, a phenomenon researchers have dubbed ‘the iPhone effect.’ So the next time you are having dinner with a group of friends, try leaving your phone at home. Make It Work for You A digital detox can be whatever you want it to be and can take many forms. You might want to try giving up all digital devices for a time, including television, mobile phones, and social media. In other cases, you might want to focus on restricting your use of just one type of digital device such as your phone or your gaming console. Some ideas that you might consider trying: A digital fast: Try giving up all digital devices for a short period of time, such as a day or up to a weekRecurrent digital abstinence: Pick one day of the week to go device-freeA specific detox: If one app, site, game, or digital tool is taking up too much of your time, focus on restricting your use of that problematic itemA social media detox: Focus on restricting or even completely eliminating your social media use for a specific period of time Digital Detox Tips Some people find giving up their devices fairly easy. Others will find it much more difficult and even anxiety-provoking at times. There are some things that you can do to ensure that your digital detox is more successful: Let your friends and family know that you are on a digital detox and ask for their help and supportFind ways to stay distracted and keep other activities on handDelete social media apps from your phone to reduce temptation and easy accessTry getting out of the house; go to dinner with friends or go for a walk when you are tempted to use your deviceKeep a journal to track your progress and write down your thoughts about the experience A Word From Verywell Going device-free can be uncomfortable and stressful at times. You might feel annoyed, anxious, and even bored without your mobile phone and other tech tools. While it may be hard, it can be a rewarding experience that will help you better understand your relationship with  your devices.   How Smartphones Contribute to Stress

Segregation Remembering The Children’s Crusade - 824 Words

Remembering The Children’s Crusade, or known as one of the most stupefying events in history, could take anyone back in the days of segregation and great detriment to our own people. On May 2, 1963, a group of student protesters, in which were motivated by Martin Luther King Jr., partook in the 1963 campaign to desegregate Birmingham, Alabama. More than a thousand students skipped their classes and marched to downtown Birmingham using tactics of nonviolent direct action. The first day, hundreds were arrested and taken to jail in school buses and paddy wagons. On the second day, the children were surged with high-pressure fire hoses, attacked by police dogs, clubbed, and dragged to jail. The punishing of the African American race was harsh; when those punishments were mixed with how they protested for civil rights, it only got worse. Not all the time does one stop and realize that some whites felt the need to help out in some ways. Whether they could relate or they just truly h ad sympathy, these whites helped protest. When someone protests, they are expressing their objection to something. Whether it was more a silent protest or an aggressive protest, punishments to both races were given. During the Civil Rights Movement, white and black protesters were given some rare and extreme punishments for simply standing up for what they believed in. Even though whites and blacks protested together, not all of them got punished in the same ways. Even though it wasn’t folderolShow MoreRelatedEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagessociety. Although the transformation took many years, by the end of the nineteenth century the size of institutions had increased so dramatically that the goal of rehabilitation was no longer possible. Institutions became instruments for permanent segregation. Many special education professionals became critics of institutions. Howe, one of the first to argue for in stitutions for people with disabilities, began advoca ting placing out residents into families. Unfortunately this practice became a logistical

Human Trafficking And Slavery A Violation Of The...

Global Overview Human Trafficking and Slavery universally happens in the world when individuals are placed or maintained in and exploitive situation for economic gain. Women, men and children are trafficked for a range of different purposes; forced and exploitative labour in factories, farms and private households, sexual exploitation, and forced marriage. Trafficking can happen to all people if the circumstances are right. Human trafficking and slavery is in direct violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Article 4 which states â€Å"No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms†. Human trafficking and Slavery in its sole purpose and intention is violating human rights, by forcing people to become slaves because they have no other option. In countries like Uganda and Guinea – Bissau, children as young as five have been trafficked to the LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army) as either soldiers or as sexual slaves, while others have been sent to work in cotton fields in Southern Senegal. Human trafficking and slavery is also a violation against the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 3, which says â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.† Human trafficking and Slavery is in violation of numerous international documents which are aimed at preventing it from happeni ng and protecting the rights that are presented to people some of these documents are; Convention againstShow MoreRelatedWomen s Traditional Cultural Values Of Gender Roles1333 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Human trafficking is a heinous crime and a horribly profitable business which affects hundreds of millions of people every year worldwide. In Nepal, women and girls are more often trafficked than men, either within the country or to brothels in India. They make easy prey because of the poor economic status of many Nepalese citizens and the fact that most women and girls in Nepal do not have education and are completely illiterate. Traffickers are able to abduct them from their lives andRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is An Illegal Movement Of People986 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: Human Trafficking is an illegal movement of people for the purpose of forced labour or sexual exploitation. Millions of people from around the globe have been captured and caught to undergo activities against their will mainly for the act of slavery or pleasure and prostitution.Human Trafficking is a criminal industry stripping people of life and freedom. To this day, human trafficking is happening around the globe and numbers of victims are increasing up until this generation. NeverthelessRead MoreHuman Trafficking- The Escalating Global Violation of Human Rights1355 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking- The Escalating Global Violation of Human Rights Human Trafficking is a serious Global matter that violates a multitude of the Human Rights articles outline in The Universal Declarations of Human Rights. Thousands of individuals are subjects of Human Trafficking every year; the perpetrators of this crime do not discriminate, targeting men, women, the young and the old all over the world. Human Trafficking is indeed a Global issue, occurring in nearly every country on the planetRead MoreThe Violation Of Human Rights1284 Words   |  6 Pages784478 Title: The Violation of Human Rights Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Relevance and value of human rights 3 3. Case studies 4 3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4 3.2 African Charter 5 3.3 Bill of Human Rights 7 4. Conclusion 7 5. Bibliography 8 1. Introduction Basic human rights are being violated every day all over the world. This includes each human being’s fundamental rights, which are rights that come with beingRead MoreHow Much Would You Sell For?1131 Words   |  5 Pagesand Crime (UNODC), Trafficking in Persons is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. The most common forms of human exploitation are sexualRead MoreInternational Law Threatens Western Countries1262 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, in this essay, how do violations of international laws present a direct threat to Western countries will be discussed in the first part, then the understanding of such th reats and justice perpetrators of international crime will be examined in relation to comparative criminology in the second and the third part with illustration of various international data. Firstly, violations of international law generally refer to violation of human rights. Human rights are a complex area in internationalRead MoreFence Of Human Trafficking811 Words   |  4 Pagesoffence of human trafficking encompasses multiple countries and by extension, multiple jurisdictions. To simplify, the issue can be trichotomised to ‘source countries’, ‘transit countries’ and ‘destination countries’. Australia, alongside with the rest of the developed world, is widely considered a destination country. A destination country, as inferred from the title, is one where those trafficked are most commonly sent to. Throughout the world, it is estimated the number of victims of human traffickingRead MoreEssay about Case-Documentary: Child Slavery in the Chocolate Factories730 Words   |  3 PagesThe issue of child slavery within the chocolate industry is a complex issue to solve for corporations within this market sector. Child slavery is heavily embedded into the working culture in cocoa farming, and as a manager, it is important to recognise the problem and do all possible to abolish such activity. As a manager overseeing these issues, it is key to be a leader and enact objectives to inspire other corporations to stand against child slavery in the chocolate industry. Since corporationsRead MoreHuman Trafficking Has Been Existent For Thousands Of Years983 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1863, the United States enacted laws that formally abolished slavery. However, modern day manifestation of slavery still exists; it is called â€Å"human trafficking.† Human trafficking, according to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is â€Å"trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person forRead MoreHuman Trafficking And 19th Century American Slavery2818 Words   |  12 Pages Many people believe that slavery was abolished in the 17th century; however, this is only partly correct. Slavery is technically illegal in the United States, but on the black market, humans are still constantly trafficked. Specifically, a lot of men, women and children are trafficked from another country and brought to America to be a slave. This comparison will focus on the similarities of today’s human trafficking and 17th century American Slavery, specifically relating to sexual exploitation

Wikipedia the Basis of Unreliable Sources Free Essays

Over the years that Wikipedia has been running, there has been a continuous debate on whether it is a reliable resource or not and no one has been able to come up with a conclusion. However, there are many people who think that they have come up with a compromise, which includes Wikipedia being a good source for basic information but not for the sole information of any given topic. Especially for college students, Wikipedia can get tricky in the sense where it is easy to just read through and agree with; however, it may be misleading and have incorrect information. We will write a custom essay sample on Wikipedia: the Basis of Unreliable Sources or any similar topic only for you Order Now People including college English instructor Jenny Meister, Marquette University Law School student blogger Jessica Slavin, and Internet executive Mark Moran can all agree that Wikipedia is helpful in college research but only for basic knowledge, not for sole information. Throughout college, students must do a lot of book and computer research in order to do papers, class work and home work. The computer research is what scares professors the most because they know how easy it is for the students to click the first link that comes up on Google-Wikipedia. These students seem to get all of their information from the website, which can be edited by anonymous sources at any time. This means that the information is not always correct which can be frustrating to professors. â€Å"As someone who’s been there and done the grading thing, I can tell you that when a professor flips to your Works Cited page and glances over your list of sources, a page full of Wikipedia entries is going to spark a frenzy of eye-rolling and red pen† (Meister). College students not only have to worry about having the wrong information in their school work, but also need to consider Wikipedia in their future careers. They must ask themselves how they should use it and the proper way to use it without hurting themselves. For example, law student Jessica Slavin had stated she was only going to use Wikipedia for background information. â€Å"I will admit that I sometimes read a Wikipedia entry if I want background information about a topic. I do not think, though, that I would cite an entry as proof of anything in court† (Slavin). Wikipedia can be useful at times for background information about a topic, however, it can not be trusted because you are never sure who is writing it, if it is from a reliable source, or if the information is completely accurate. In Mark Moran’s blog about how Wikipedia is not reliable he makes one important point on why it should not be trusted for sole information. â€Å"In March 2009, Irish student Shane Fitzgerald, who was conducting research on the internet and globalization of information, posted a fake quotation on the Wikipedia article about recently deceased French composer Maurice Jarre. Due to the fact that the quote was not attributed to a reliable source, it was removed several times by editors, but Fitzgerald continued re-posting it until it was allowed to remain† (Moran). Moran is making the point that it is the contributor with the strongest agenda who â€Å"wins† and it is not always the one with the most correct information, which makes the site less reliable. For many years, Wikipedia has been known as an unreliable source and to be unused in school, although, it can be useful at times for basic information. Throughout college, students use Wikipedia as a main source which is giving them the wrong information in papers, class work, and school work, which is extremely frustrating for the professors to see. The students need to consider their future and if they would use Wikipedia as a primary source when they are at their future careers. College students should be allowed to use Wikipedia, but only as a basic information source in order to get background knowledge on a topic. How to cite Wikipedia: the Basis of Unreliable Sources, Papers

Think for yourself Essay Example For Students

Think for yourself Essay What does it mean to think for yourself?Even as the seemingly monolithic infrastructure of the post-war world comes crumbling down around our heads, homogeneity continues to spread like some vast, insidious fungus across the cultural terrain of the Western World. We are told that the interactive, five-hundred-channel universe is causing us to break down into ever more insular clans; isolated tribes centered on coincidental collective interests. They tell us we are becoming strangers in our own communities. We ignore our neighbors in order to hold long e-mail discussions about the injustice of Australian gun laws with some invisible digital kid from Singapore, or we go on chat-lines and debate the ethics of Kirks alteration of the programming for the Kobiashi Maru. Politically, they tell us, we are breaking down into smaller, more aggressive special interest factions, hell-bent on getting the vast, innocent, Norman Rockwell majority to bend over and accept some wild, anarcho-communist -feminist-homosexual-ecoextremist agenda. On the other side of the coin, we have a bunch of illiterate yokels, armed to the gills, burning crosses in barren fields, pumping round after round into dummies dressed like ATF officers. We are, the pundits say, going through a global identity crisis. We will write a custom essay on Think for yourself specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now And yet take a look around you. On your way to work today, count the corporate coffee boutiques. On your way back home, count the Walmarts. Spend a minute going from station to station on your FM dial. Sameness creeps. The corporate beast sweeps individuality under the carpet, replacing it with vacuum-packed, heat-and-serve, psychometrically-tailored franchise outlets. And we fit so easily into these preordained slots because, since birth, we have been twisted and massaged and compacted in a vast, generation-spanning, collective molestation. We have been told that we dont share enough in common, but the majority of us are as indistinguishable from each other as the assembly-line cylinders of chunky-style dogfood that we have become. They know that allowing people to think for themselves can be a dangerous thing. For instance, thinking for ones self can lead to long, lonely nights in the basement, converting semi-automatic rifles to full auto, mixing up home-made napalm, and thinking up ever more explosive and/or virulent methods of outwardly expressing ones vague yet undeniable rage and disappointment at a society seemingly oblivious to the wishes of all but the wealthiest of the power elite. They do their best to supply any potential loose cannons with an endless stream of mind-numbing, stultifying opiate in the form of round-the-clock television programming. You cant build bombs if youre busy watching Friends. Youll never find the time to develop that new strain of anthrax when youre otherwise preoccupied by the pseudo-sexual shenanigans of Niles and Daphne. These days media-fed paranoia to the contrary acts of cultural rebellion are so rare as to be statistically insignificant. They are very good at what th ey do. Aristotle said that any man who is truly alone is either a beast or a god, but certainly not a man. As we struggle to make our way through the psychic flux of everyday life, the key to true, liberating independence of thought lies not in total independence from your fellow man, which is an impossibility. It lies in learning to recognize the difference between being enlightened and having your chain pulled. It lies in developing the skills necessary to accurately judge information based on facts, logic and reason. It lies in learning to let go of beliefs that you know to be false, but to which you cling out of either habit, convenience or superstition. .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b , .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .postImageUrl , .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b , .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b:hover , .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b:visited , .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b:active { border:0!important; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b:active , .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4fb11056c2135c6abe807e1535d6f37b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Black Beauty EssayIgnorance is bliss. Thinking for yourself is hard work. Bibliography:

Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Nephropathy The WritePass Journal

Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Nephropathy Introduction Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Nephropathy IntroductionEconomic burden of Diabetes for families and society:Causes of microvascular damage in diabetes:Advanced glycosylated end-products (AGEs):Oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS):Polyol pathway/aldose reductase:Hexosamine pathway:Endothelial dysfunction pathogenesis:REFERENCES: Related Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-communicable condition resulting in high levels of glucose in the blood.   It occurs due to inability of the beta cells in pancreas islet tissue to produce enough insulin, or when the body becomes resistant to insulin.   It reduces both quality and length of life and over time leads to serious complications such as coronary heart disease, stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes: also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), early-onset and juvenile diabetes. It is an autoimmune disease and results from destruction of insulin producing beta cells in islet tissues of pancreas by the body’s immune system. The subsequent lack of insulin results in high blood glucose levels, which if not controlled by exogenous insulin results in multiple organ damage. Type 2 diabetes:   formerly called non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) and adult-onset.   It is a metabolic disorder that mainly occurs in individuals over the age of 40.   In this type of diabetes high blood glucose results either due to relative insulin deficiency or insulin resistance.   Lifestyle and genetic factors play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a growing problem among the elderly population and is widely predicted to grow in the future.   Since the population is aging in the western world, so it is not surprising that elderly population will contribute to future increase but other factors such as lifestyle and diet will also play a major role. WHO survey 2010 estimated that 285 million of the world’s population have diabetes and more than 70% of them live in low and middle income countries. It is also estimated that this burden will increase to 438 million by 2030 (Diabetes fact, 2011). Wild 2004 projected that the total number of individuals with diabetes worldwide will increase from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million 2030.   Although the prevalence of diabetes is higher in men compared to women but there are more women with diabetes than men.   In developing countries type 2 diabetes mainly affects people of working age, between 35 and 64 years, whereas in developed countries the majority of people with diabetes are above the age of retirement i.e. above 65 years of age (WDD06 – Karachi, 2006).   India has the largest diabetes world’s population i.e. 50.8 million followed by China with 43.2 million ( Express news report,   2009). In Europe prevalence of clinically diagnosed diabetes was estimated to be 3% in 1997.   It was estimated to increase to around 3.6% by 2000 and to over 4% by 2010 (Scottish Diabetes Survey 2003).   In UK 4.26 % of population has diabetes according to the Diabetes UK statistics (Diabetes prevalence 2010).   Scottish Diabetic Survey, 2010, projects that 4.6% of Scotland population has diabetes out of which 87.7% have type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is also at an increase among children. Diabetes amongst children is primarily Type 1 diabetes but Type 2 diabetes is also increasingly being diagnosed. One of the major contributing factors for this rise in diabetes among children is the increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese. â€Å"Twenty five children in every 100,000 in Scotland have diabetes, compared to 17 in England and Wales.†Ã‚   An increase in this at a rate of 2% per years has been suggested by Diabetes UK in Scotland, as a result tripling of new cases in the last 30 years has been seen (ABPI Report Scotland, 2005). Economic burden of Diabetes for families and society: Diabetes and its complications have a significant economic impact on individuals, families, health systems and countries. For example, WHO estimates that in the period 2006-2015, China will need to allocate $558 billion in foregone national income due to heart disease, stroke and diabetes alone and India will spend $336.6 billion (Diabetes, 2011). â€Å"In the poorest countries, people with diabetes and their families bear almost the whole cost of the medical care they can afford.†Ã‚   In Latin America, 40-60% of medical care expenditures is paid by the families themselves. In Mozambique, 75% of the per capita income is spent on diabetic care by one person; in Mali it amounts to 61%; Vietnam is 51% and Zambia 21%. It is estimated that poor people with diabetes in some developing countries spend as much as 25% of their annual income on private care (Diabetes fact. April 2011). The trend of diabetes in developing countries show that it mostly affects working age group, between 35 and 64 years, relative to developed countries where the majority of diabetes population are aging. Therefore when principal wage earner is affected by diabetes and its complications, the choice between healthcare expenses and food or clothing can trap the whole family in a downward spiral of worsening poverty and health. According to WHO, an annual 2% reduction in chronic disease death rates in Pakistan would provide an economic gain of 1 billion dollars over the next 10 years (WDD06 – Karachi, 2006). The cost incurred by diabetes morbidity are far greater than the cost of the disease prevention (Editorial in Lancet:   World Diabetes Day 14th November, 2010). In a press report by the independent economic consultancy group NERA it is assessed that intensive management of Type 2 diabetes in Scotland can decrease hospital cost by  £41 million by saving over 91,000 bed days a year in 2025 and will also save  £78 million a year in lost work days (ABPI Report Scotland, 2005). Diabetic Nephropathy: The diabetic complication, nephropathy is a condition with high unmet therapeutic needs.   It is linked with significant increases in morbidity and mortality risk, and is the most common cause of ESRD in the Western countries. Diabetes-induced damage in the kidney leads to microalbuminuria. This progresses to ESRD, which requires dialysis or transplantation. Diabetes accounts for over 40% of ESRD (Diabetic Nephropathy, 2003). The main focus of therapy in diabetic nephropathy is on tight control of blood pressure. Guidelines have progressively revised the target BP goal downwards, currently at 125/75 mmHg in patients with 1g proteinuria, and now recommend either ACE or ARB (Diabetic Nephropathy, 2003). In the U.S., diabetic nephropathy accounts for about 40% of new cases of ESRD.   In 1997 the cost required for treatment of diabetic patients having ESRD amounts to $15.6 billion. There is considerable racial/ethnic variability in this regard, Native Americans, Hispanics (especially Mexican-Americans), and African-Americans have much higher risks of developing ESRD than non-Hispanic whites with type 2 diabetes (Mark, 2001). In the UK, 1,000 people with diabetes start kidney dialysis every year. (Diabetes in the UK, 2004). Ahmedani 2005 reports that in Karachi, Pakistan overall prevalence of microalbuminuria was found to be 34% in patients with diabetes and this was strongly associated with the age, diastolic hypertension, diabetic retinopathy and serum low density lipoprotein. End stage renal disease is a most serious complication of diabetes and accounts to be the most expensive for NHS. Diabetic nephropathy usually develops 15-25 years after the occurrence of diabetes.   In Scotland, 20% of patients who undergo renal transplantation are diabetic. In diabetic individuals, microalbuminuria and stroke, or an increased serum creatinine levels raises the risk of renal nephropathy and failure.   Poor glycemic control and high blood pressure are risk factors of diabetic renal disease (Scottish  Diabetes  Framework, 2002). Diabetic renal impairment is a strong indicator of Cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality is diabetic patients (Guillausseau, 2011).   Annual cardiovascular mortality is 0.7% in normoalbuminuric patient as compared to 2% in microalbuminuric patients and 12% in the patient with elevated creatinine (Stratton IM, 2009) In a review by Vishwanathan, 1999, it is explained that South Asians and Afro-Caribbean are more susceptible to develop renal disease relative to European. Retinopathy increases the risk of diabetic nephropathy. Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in India was 30.3% in a study done among 4837 patients with chronic renal failure over a period of 10 years. He further argued that an increased prevalence of microalbuminurea among South Asians having type 2 diabetes mellitus relative to Europeans by 1.2 (men) and 1.7 (women) folds.   According to SIGN 116, the incidence of diabetic nephropathy in patient with type 1 diabetes can be considerably reduced by attaining good glycaemic and tight blood pressure control.  ­ In a report by Singh NP, 2003, it is suggested that the incidence of diabetic kidney disease can be reduced by:   tight blood glucose control, blood pressure control, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and protein restriction. Causes of microvascular damage in diabetes: Long standing hyperglycemia lead to a number of damages including: Advanced glycosylated end products (AGES) Oxidative stress Increased sorbitol (polyol pathway) Increase in hexosamine pathway Impaired endothelial function Immune effect All these damages result in microvascular complications of diabetes. Advanced glycosylated end-products (AGEs): Chronic hyperglycemia causes increased glycosylation of proteins leading to AGEs, which in turn results in loss of structure and function, turning on/off signal pathways within cells and alteration in gene expression. AGEs are sugar-derived compounds, glucose binds amino groups on proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to form AGEs.   AGEs form at a constant but slow rate throughout your life (even as an embryo) (Peppa et al, 2003). AGEs interact with RAGE (surface AGE-binding receptors) resulting in proinflammatory effects, formation reactive oxygen species, loss of oxidants (oxidative stress) and altered gene transcription. Levels of AGEs relates to extent of microvascular complications in diabetes.   AGEs contributes to atheromatous plaque by stimulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and the deposition of oxidized LDL. AGEs leads to endothelial dysfunction, macrophage activation, and impaired vascular smooth muscle cell function.   Experimentally, AGEs cause glomerular damage and proteinuria. Oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Oxidative stress is an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidants.   Oxygen is used by cells to carry out their normal functions and as a side effect produces free radicals.   Free radicals are missing an electron so are unstable and highly reactive.   Free radicals steal electrons from molecules within cells causing oxidative damage to proteins, membranes and genes. Polyol pathway/aldose reductase: Aldose reductase (AR) normally reduces toxic aldehydes into inactive alcohols inside the cells. Glucose perfuses into some cells without insulin e.g. nerves.   During hyperglycaemic condition, AR reduces that excess glucose to sorbitol (a polyol).   Polyols are trapped inside the cells creating an osmotic gradient.   Sodium and water flow into the cell resulting in oedema. But sorbitol can be metabolised to fructose by the actions of sorbitol dehydrogenase.   High fructose leads to AGEs resulting in more cell damage (Takaqi et al, 1995). Hexosamine pathway: Glucose is mainly metabolised through glycolysis, some gets diverted into an alternative pathway, ending up as UDP (urine diphosphate) N-acetyl glucosamine.   This alters transcription factors, often leading to pathologic changes in gene expression e.g. increased expression of transforming growth factor-B1 and plaminogen activator inhibitor-1, which damages blood vessels. Endothelial dysfunction pathogenesis: Hyperglycemia leading to the formation of AGEs, ROS, the glycosylation of proteins and increased inflammatory cytokines etc.   As a result   small blood vessels, particularly the endothelium are damaged causing vasoconstriction, ischemia, and reduced flow to tissues that rely on the vessel for oxygen and nutrients. Growth factors are also released leading to the blood vessel wall thickening and occlusion of small blood vessels. Nerve growth factors (NGF) and factors like it are damaged.   These factors keep nerves healthy and capable of re-growth if damaged. Changes to the immune system lead to release of toxic cytokines, blockage of blood vessels with leukocytes and loss of normal immune cell action. In this dissertation, a recent aspect of one of the above causes of microvascular damage of diabetes leading to nephropathy will be considered. Current studies have uncovered new insights in the role of oxidative stress in diabetic renal disease, suggesting a different and innovative approach to a possible â€Å"casual† antioxidant therapy. In this dissertation the role oxidative stress may play in the development of diabetic kidney disease will be discussed.   The role of antioxidant therapy in managing or delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy will be addressed. REFERENCES: Ahmedani M Y, (2005) Prevalence of Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Karachi: Pakistan A Multi-center Study: jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=856 ABPI Report Scotland, (2005)The future burden of CHD and Diabetes in Scotland: The value of health care innovation. Available at: s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.abpi.org.uk//50031328.pdf Diabetes fact. (2011) Available at: worlddiabetesfoundation.org/composite-35.htm Diabetes (2011), Available at: who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ Diabetic Nephropathy 2003. Available at: datamonitor.com/Products/Free/Brief/BFHC0625/010BFHC0625.pdf Express news report, India has largest number of diabetes patients: Report (2009) indianexpress.com/news/india-has-largest-number-of-diabetes-patient/531240/ Diabetes in the UK 2004, www.diabetes.org.uk/Documents/Reports/in_the_UK_2004.doc Guillausseau, (2011)   Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk: kidney function is pivota. Available at: diafocus.com/2011/01/11/type-2-diabetes-and-cardiovascular-risk-kidney-function-is-pivotal/ Peppa M, Uribarri J, Vlassara H, 2003, Glucose, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Diabetes Complications:   What is New and What Works. Available at: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content/21/4/186.full Stratton IM, (2009) Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study   Available at: http://articulos.sld.cu/medicinainterna/files/2009/10/association-of-glycaemia-with-macrovascular-and-microvascular.pdf Scottish  Diabetes  Framework. (2002) Available at: scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2002/04/14452/1986 Scottish Diabetes Survey 2003, Available at: scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/10/20023/44203 Singh NP, Singh D, 2003, Diabetes Mellitus – An Overview For Family Physicians. Available at: http://delhimedicalcouncil.nic.in/diabetes-mellitus.html Sign 116, Available at:   sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign116.pdf Scottish Diabetes Survey 2010, Available at:   diabetesinscotland.org.uk/Publications/Scottish%20Diabetes%20Survey%202010.pdf Takaqi Y, Kashiwaqi A, Tanaka Y, Asahina T, Kikkawa R, Shigeta Y, 1995, Significance of fructose-induced protein oxidation and formation of advanced glycation end product.   Available at: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599353 Viswanathan V, (1999) Type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in India- magnitude of the problem.   Available at: http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/12/2805.full WILD S et al, (2004) Global Prevalence of Diabetes.   Available at: who.int/diabetes/facts/en/diabcare0504.pdf WDD06 – Karachi, (2006). Diabetes kills without distinction. Available at: idf.org/wdd06-karachi

Civil Wars Wet Plate Collodion Photography

Civil War's Wet Plate Collodion Photography The wet plate collodion process was a manner of taking photographs which used panes of glass, coated with a chemical solution, as the negative. It was the method of photography in use at the time of the Civil War, and it was a fairly complicated procedure. The wet plate method was invented by Frederick Scott Archer, an amateur photographer in Britain, in 1851. Frustrated by the difficult photography technology of the time, a method known as calotype, Scott Archer sought to develop a simplified process for preparing a photographic negative. His discovery was the wet plate method, which was generally known as the â€Å"collodion process.† The word collodion refers to the syrupy chemical mixture which was used to coat the glass plate. Numerous Steps Were Required The wet plate process required considerable skill. The required steps: A glass sheet was coated with chemicals, known as collodion.The coated plate was immersed in a bath of silver nitrate, which made it sensitive to light.The wet glass, which would be the negative used in the camera, was then placed in a light-proof box.The negative, in its special light-proof holder, would be placed inside the camera.A panel in the light-proof holder, known as the dark slide, along with the lens cap of the camera, would be removed for several seconds, thereby taking the photograph.The â€Å"dark slide† of the light-proof box was replaced, sealing the negative up in darkness again.The glass negative was then taken to the darkroom and developed in chemicals and â€Å"fixed,† making the negative image on it permanent. (For a photographer working in the field during the Civil War, the darkroom would be an improvised space in a horse-drawn wagon.)The negative could be coated with a varnish to ensure the permanence of the image.Prints would later be generated from the glass negative. The Wet Plate Collodion Process Had Serious Drawbacks The steps involved in the wet plate process, and the considerable skill required, imposed obvious limitations. Photographs taken with the wet plate process, from the 1850s through the late 1800s, were almost always taken by professional photographers in a studio setting. Even photographs taken in the field during the Civil War, or later during expeditions to the West, required the photographer to travel with a wagon full of equipment. Perhaps the first war photographer was a British artist, Roger Fenton, who managed to transport cumbersome photographic equipment to the battlefront of the Crimean War. Fenton had mastered the wet plate method of photography soon after it became available and put it into practice shooting landscapes of the British midlands. Fenton took a trip to Russia in 1852 and took photographs. His travels proved that the latest photographic method could be utilized outside of a studio. However, traveling with the equipment and the necessary chemicals to develop the images would present a formidable challenge. Traveling to the Crimean War with his photographic wagon was difficult, yet Fenton managed to shoot impressive photographs. His images, while praised by art critics upon his return to England, were a commercial failure. Roger Fentons photographic van used in the Crimean War, with his assistant posing on its bench. Library of Congress While Fenton had transported his ungainly equipment to the front, he purposely avoided photographing the ravages of war. He would have had many opportunities  to depict wounded or dead soldiers. But he probably assumed his intended  audience in Britain did not want to see such things. He sought to portray a more glorious side of the conflict, and tended to photograph officers in their dress uniforms. In fairness to Fenton, the wet plate process made it impossible to photograph action on the battlefield. The process allowed for a shorter exposure time than previous photographic methods, yet it still required the shutter to be open for several seconds. For that reason there could not be any action photography with wet plate photography, as any action would blur. There are no combat photographs from the Civil War, as people in the photographs had to hold a pose for the length of the exposure. And for photographers working in battlefield or camp conditions, there were great obstacles. It was difficult to travel with the chemicals required for preparing and developing the negatives. And the glass panes used as negatives were fragile and carrying them in horse-drawn wagons presented a whole set of difficulties. Generally speaking, a photographer working in the field, such as Alexander Gardner when he shot the carnage at Antietam, would have an assistant along who mixed the chemicals. While the assistant was in the wagon preparing the glass plate, the photographer could set up the camera on its heavy tripod and compose the shot. Even with an assistant helping, each photograph taken during the Civil War would have required about ten minutes of preparation and developing. And once a photograph was taken and the negative was fixed, there was always a problem of a negative cracking. A famous photograph of Abraham Lincoln by Alexander Gardner shows damage from a crack in the glass negative, and other photographs of the same period show similar flaws. By the 1880s a dry negative method began to be available to photographers. Those negatives could be purchased ready to be used, and did not require the complicated process of preparing the collodion as required in the wet plate process.

Globalization and the maritime world in the twentieth century Essay

Globalization and the maritime world in the twentieth century - Essay Example Marc indicates that cargo ships were the major systems of transport and were used load and offload goods (166). The goods in this context had different destinations throughout the world. This concept simply explains that globalization was taking place as the goods were sent to different places. The world was soon becoming smaller thanks to the development in the maritime industry. Marc explains that the shipping lines ordered for larger ships that would be used transport the aluminum boxes that were the standard containers (202-21). Additionally, the development of the maritime industry saw the modernization of port cities to accommodate the larger ships (Marc 191-201). The author also argues that in the 1980s computers ventured in as well, that led to a containerized system (Marc 125). A closer analysis of this fact would be said to have shaped the global economy through innovations in the maritime industry. Miller backs the work of Marc by arguing that globalization is historical and can be rooted to the reality of shipping and trading. The maritime world, in his thought, was the major reason behind the global interconnectedness (Miller 11). In the twentieth century, for example, there were a lot of Eurocentric exchanges in the sea. There was the existence of a global maritime system where European ports were constructed, shipping lines as well as partial networks (Miller 12). This commercial maritime world played a huge role in shipping the present day world of business. The Europeans were the principal operators of the global trading and transport systems up to the 1960s. Just like Marc, Miller would argue that there is a great link between containerization, trade, de-colonization and economic growth thanks to the maritime industry and its developments. Through the works, the close correlation between the maritime world in the 20th century and globalization is evident. The process of globalization clearly went through progressions that saw the

Kingdom of Heaven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kingdom of Heaven - Essay Example For example, if a film is set in the time of Christ, the people need to be following the customs of the Roman Empire along with wearing the correct robes. They should not be in a three piece suit and penny loafers, unless the movie has to deal with a man out of time. The third responsibility of the filmmaker is to not keep the locations to their accurate size so that the viewer seems as though they were there. The historical piece that will be used to determine the three responsibilities is Ridley Scott’s 12th Century epic, Kingdom of Heaven. Kingdom of Heaven is a film set during the Crusades about a French blacksmith named Balian, who is searching for a reason to go on after the death of his wife and children. A fabled knight, Godfrey of Ibelin, has briefly returned home after serving in thr East. Godfrey approaches Balian and let’s the blacksmith know that he himself is the blacksmith’s true father. Godfrey, then, asks Balian to join him and his troops in thei r journey to return to the Holy City of Jerusalem to help in the city’s defense. The blacksmith accepts the offer of Godfrey. Their arrival falls in between the Second and Third Crusades when Jerusalem is enjoying a period of peace between the Muslims and the Christians. This peace was all thanks to the Christian monarch King Baldwin IV, his second-in-command Tiberius, and the Muslim potentate Saladin. Unfortunately, the peace does last since violent agitators set out to increase their power. Saladin had to bow down to the pressure Godfey and his men stayed o give their allegiance to the king and his community of diversity. The knights, as well as Balian, use their skills as warriors to build a lasting peace. Orlando Bloom (Balian) is one of the main stars of the film along with Liam Neeson (Godfrey), Edward Norton (Baldwin IV), and Jeremy Iron (Tiberias). In Kingdom of Heaven, I noticed that the overall peace between the Muslims and Christians seemed to show the lack of reli giousness. Rather, the situational tension amongst the Christians and the Muslims seem to be more like a backdrop, than a major part of the story. The story is set between the Second and Third Crusades. However, the action and fighting as warriors is more prevalent than the religious aspects of the Crusade that should be more available. King Baldwin IV was a monarch who wanted to convey peace and diversity amongst the religious factions that want to control the Holy City of Jerusalem. Thus, the filmmaker seemed to use the facts of the time period as more of a symbol for the setting, than as the setting itself. The fighting may have been more gruesome for a film that should be more focused upon Baldwin’s Kingdom of Heaven, then the relationships of a lone person. The relationships should be more about the groups trying to vie for power in Jerusalem, than that of a single man. This story portrays single man being effective in the war to maintain the peace and diversity througho ut the city of Jerusalem during the reign of Baldwin IV. However, the portrayal should be how Baldwin could bring about the change in the ancient fight of the Muslims and the Christians, not how a French blacksmith becomes a knight to help defend the ancient, Holy City from the agitators that wish to overthrow Baldwin IV and claim power for themselves. I feel the overall responsibility of keeping the accuracy of the facts was a little massacred instead of being kept intact by the screenwriters or even portrayed effectively by

Plasmid Extraction :: essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chitobiase, from Vibrio harveyi, is a membrane bound lipoprotein involved in the degradation of chitin. Chitobiase is similar to and may share a common ancestry to the a-chain of human b-hexos-aminidase. Chitobiase is encoded by chb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this experiment, a restriction map for restriction enzymes Eco R1, Pst1 and Hind III using Southern hybridization and restriction analysis of pRSG 192. pRSG 192 is a recombinant plasmid derived from the chb gene and pUC 19, a 2.7kb engineered plasmid which encodes for ampicillin resistance, a portion of the lac operon and a multiple cloning region . The chb gene exists as a 3.6 kb insert in the mutiple cloning region of pUC 19.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major goals of Experiment One will be to isolate pRSG 192 from an overnight culture of E. coli, amplify a region of the chb gene using PCR, and to map restriction sites within the chb gene using restriction analysis and Southern hybridization. Methods Plasmid Isolation Four microfuge tubes containing cell pellets representing 3.0ml of cells(2 x 1.5ml) from an overnight culture of E. coli were prepared. The supernatant fluid was discarded and each pellet was resuspended in 150ul of TE buffer(10mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0; 0.1 EDTA). 300ul of SDS(1% SDS, 0.2 N NaOH) was added to each pellet. The tubes were placed on ice for five minutes, after which, 225ul of ice-cold 3M potassium acetate(pH 4.8) was added. The tubes were again placed on ice for five minutes and subsequently microfuged for five minutes. The supernatants were recovered and transferred to new tubes. One volume of phenol/chloroform was added to each new tube. The tubes were shaken vigorously for two minutes and centrifuged for five minutes. The upper, aqueous phase was recovered and transferred to a new tube. One volume of chloroform was added to each tube. The tubes were vigorously mixed and microfuged for three minutes.

Conflicts in the Godfather Essay

The Godfather is an insightful sociological study of violence, power, honor and obligation, corruption, justice and crime in America. Part I of The Godfather Trilogy centers on the Corleone crime â€Å"family† in the boroughs of New York City in the mid 1940s, dominated at first by the aging godfather/patriarch â€Å"Don† Vito Corleone. As a turn-of-the-century Silician immigrant, he is the head of one of the five Italian-American â€Å"families† that operates a crime syndicate. The ‘honorable’ crime â€Å"family,† working outside the system due to exclusion by social prejudice, serves as a metaphor for the way business (the pursuit of the American dream) is conducted in capitalistic, profit-making corporations and governmental circles. Although conflict in life may seem unpleasant, literature readers find it to be quite exciting. The characters involved within a conflict clearly stand out as to what they truly believe in and who they are as a person. In Mario Puzo’s, â€Å"The Godfather†, a number of conflicts are revealed through the Mafia underworld. The first, and most important conflict that is demonstrated in â€Å"The Godfather†, is revealed right away through â€Å"The Assassination Attempt on Don Corleone†. The Don shows the conflict of man vs. society by first refusing to enter the drug business. This decision, will ultimately effect the future conflicts that are revealed throughout the story. By refusing to participate in the drug business, the Corleone Family becomes outcasts of the five major crime families in New York. By doing so, the Don sparks the war between his family and the other five families. This war ends up lasting for several years and costs many lives. The second conflict that is present in â€Å"The Godfather†, is the conflict of divergent ideas vs. his father’s ideas. Santino, â€Å"Sonny†, Corleone, demostrates this conflict by deciding to go against his father’s beliefs. Sonny feels that drugs are the thing of the future and he decides that if his father dies, he will make the deal of entering the narcotics business. Tom Hagen, the adopted son of Vito Corleone, also believes that by entering the drug business, the Family will become much more successful later down  the road. A third conflict that is present in â€Å"The Godfather†, is the conflict of man vs. himself. This conflict is demonstrates through the character of Michael Corleone, the youngest son of the Don. Michael’s conscience is at war with his with his desire. After the assassination attempt on his father, Michael feels that he needs to get involved and help his father continue the Family business. However, his mind also feels that it is wrong to enter the criminal business. In conclusion, it is clear that many conflicts exist in Mario Puzo’s, â€Å"The Godfather†. They include, man vs. society, divergent ideas vs. father’s, and man vs. himself. Together, these conflicts create an intriguing plot that captures the viewer’s attention to the Mafia Underworld during the 1940’s and 1950’s in New York. Mario Puzo’s materpiece studies the power of conflicts that involve violence, power, honor, obligation, justice, and corruption.

Weeks v. United States The Case and Its Impact

Weeks v. U.S. was a landmark case that laid the basis for the exclusionary rule, which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in federal court. In its decision, the court unanimously upheld Fourth Amendment protections against unwarranted searches and seizures. Fast Facts: Weeks v. United States Case Argued: Dec 2—3, 1913Decision Issued:  February 24, 1914Petitioner:  Fremont WeeksRespondent:  United StatesKey Questions: Could the items obtained without a search warrant from Mr. Week’s private residence be used as evidence against him, or was the search and seizure without a warrant a violation of the Fourth Amendment?Unanimous Decision: Justices White, McKenna, Holmes, Day, Lurton, Hughes, Van Devanter, Lamar, and PitneyRuling: The Court held that the seizure of items from Weeks residence directly violated his constitutional rights, and also that the governments refusal to return his possessions violated the Fourth Amendment. Facts of the Case In 1911, Fremont Weeks was suspected of transporting lottery tickets via mail, an offense against the Criminal Code. Officers in Kansas City, Missouri, arrested Weeks at his work and searched his office. Later, officers also searched Weeks home, seizing evidence including papers, envelopes, and letters. Weeks was not present for the search and officers did not have a warrant. The evidence was turned over to the U.S. Marshalls. Based on that evidence, the Marshalls conducted a follow-up search and seized additional documents. Prior to the court date, Weeks’ attorney petitioned the court to return the evidence and to prevent the district attorney from using it in court. The court denied this petition and Weeks was convicted. Week’s attorney appealed the conviction on the basis that the court had violated his Fourth Amendment protection against illegal searches and seizures by conducting an unwarranted search and by using the product of that search in court. Constitutional Issues The main constitutional issues argued in Weeks v. U.S. were:Whether it is legal for a federal agent to conduct an unwarranted search and seizure of a person’s home, andIf this illegally obtained evidence can be used against someone in court. The Arguments Weeks’ attorney argued that officers had violated Weeks’ Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures when they entered his home without a warrant to obtain evidence. They also argued that allowing illegally obtained evidence to be used in court defeats the purpose of the Fourth Amendment. On behalf of the government, attorneys argued that the arrest was based on sufficient probable cause. The evidence uncovered in the search served to confirm what the officers had suspected: Weeks was guilty and the evidence proved that. Therefore, the attorneys reasoned, it should eligible to be used in court. Majority Opinion In a decision delivered by Justice William Day on February 24, 1914, the court ruled that the search and seizure of evidence in Weeks home violated his Fourth Amendment right. Fourth Amendment protections apply to someone whether accused of crime or not,† according to the Court. Officers needed a warrant or consent to search Weeks home. The federal government also violated Weeks Fourth Amendment protections when the court refused to return evidence seized during an unreasonable search. In finding that the search was illegal, the court rejected one of the governments main arguments. The governments attorneys had attempted to show the similarities between Adams v. New York and Weeks case. In Adams v. New York, the court ruled that evidence incidentally seized while conducting a legal, warranted search may be used in court. Since officers had not used a warrant to search Weeks home, the court refused to apply the ruling reached in Adams v. New York. The Justices ruled that the illegally seized evidence was fruit from the poisonous tree. It could not be used in a federal court. Allowing the district attorney to use such evidence to convict Weeks would violate the intent of the Fourth Amendment. In the majority opinion, Justice Day wrote: The effect of the Fourth Amendment is to put the courts of the United States and Federal officials, in the exercise of their power and authority, under limitations and restraints as to the exercise of such power and authority, and to forever secure the people, their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against all unreasonable searches and seizures under the guise of law. The Court reasoned that allowing submission of illegally obtained evidence actually encouraged officers to violate the Fourth Amendment. In order to deter violations, the court applied the exclusionary rule. Under this rule, federal officers who conducted unreasonable, unwarranted searches could not use the evidence they found in court. The Impact Prior to Weeks v. U.S., federal officers were not punished for violating the Fourth Amendment in pursuit of evidence. Weeks v. U.S. gave the courts a means of preventing unwarranted intrusions on a person’s private property. If illegally obtained evidence could not be used in court, there was no reason for officers to conduct illegal searches. The exclusionary rule in Weeks only applied to federal officers, which meant that illegally obtained evidence couldn’t be used in federal courts. The case did nothing to protect Fourth Amendment rights in state courts. Between Weeks v. U.S. and Mapp v. Ohio, it was commonplace for state officers, unbound by the exclusionary rule, to conduct illegal searches and seizures and hand the evidence to federal officers. In 1960, Elkins v. U.S. closed that gap when the court ruled that the transfer of illegally obtained evidence violated the Fourth Amendment. Weeks v. U.S. also laid the groundwork for Mapp v. Ohio in 1961, which extended the exclusionary rule to apply to state courts. The rule is now considered a fundamental element of Fourth Amendment law, providing the subjects of unreasonable searches and seizures a unified manner of recourse. Weeks v. U.S. Key Takeaways In 1914 the court ruled unanimously that evidence obtained through an illegal search and seizure could not be used in federal courts.The ruling established the exclusionary rule, which prevents the court from using evidence that officers uncover during an illegal search and seizure.The exclusionary rule only applied to federal officers until Mapp v. Ohio in 1961. Sources Root, Damon. Why Courts Reject Illegally Obtained Evidence.  Reason, Apr. 2018, p. 14.  General OneFile.http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A531978570/ITOF?umlin_m_brandeissidITOFxidd41004ce.Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914).